Who Is The Muslim Brotherhood?
Updated: 1:46pm UK, Tuesday 01 April 2014
By Tim Marshall, Diplomatic Editor
The British government has ordered an investigation into the Muslim Brotherhood's (MB) activities in the UK.
It fears the repression of radical members in Egypt may have driven some to take up residence in Britain.
The domestic intelligence agency MI5 will take the lead in the investigation, but Prime Minister David Cameron also wants to know more about the philosophy of the MB to see if it is compatible with democracy. If not, the group could be banned in the UK, although this is considered unlikely.
A Downing Street spokesperson said Mr Cameron had ordered a "review into the origins, philosophy, activities, and record in and out of Government of the MB; and of its connections, real or alleged, with extremism, terrorism, sedition, subversion and other activities which damage, actually or potentially, UK national interests."
The intelligence agencies face a difficult task in establishing who is and isn't in the Muslim Brotherhood.
Since its earliest beginning in Egypt in the 1920s, it has been a secretive organisation with a partial cell structure, many front organisations, splinter groups and groups which share a similar philosophy that political Islam is the the answer to the question of how to govern people.
Steven Merley, an investigator of extremist movements, who has tracked MB activity for more than a decade , told Sky News: "Many groups don't call themselves Muslim Brotherhood but they are linked to what I call the 'Global Muslim Brotherhood'."
The review will try to unravel who is who, and to what degree they are both extremist and active. Mr Merley, who runs the Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch website says: "The Brotherhood works by trying to get inside the DNA of other groups such as lawyers and doctors." By so doing they seek influence in the groups, which in turn have influence on politics and political thought.
Part of the reason for this subterfuge is due to necessity. The MB has always been persecuted and as such has had to operate partially underground. One tactic is to have several wealthy members sponsor a variety of groups with different names which appear not to be linked - an idea that appears to have been put into practice throughout Europe.
The movement was founded in 1928 in Egypt by Hassan al Banna. He developed the concept of melding Islam with politics – Islamism. It was an idea which quickly spread across the Arab world and MB branches were set up across the Middle East.
He also promoted the idea that death could be more valuable than life a notion which helped inspire future generations of suicide bombers. Along with the 1960's ideologist Sayid Qubt, he laid the foundations for the ideological beliefs of groups such as al Qaeda.
In Egypt, the MB was elected to power after the 2011 overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak. However, last summer the MB-dominated government was itself overthrown in a coup d'état and since then has been brutally suppressed. Former President Mohamed Morsi is on trial and just last week 528 MB supporters were sentenced to death by a court in Cairo.
The lesson drawn from the coup by some members was that it was pointless operating within the political system, which has seen them turn to terrorism.
However, that is not the official MB policy and British intelligence does not believe the wave of attacks in the Sinai region is linked to the MB.
The spiritual leader of the Brotherhood is 86-year-old Sheik Qaradawi. He is on record as saying that "Islam will return to Europe for a third time".
However he, unlike some other radicals, is careful to say that the third conquest of Europe will be through "Da'wa" or proselytising.
There is nothing illegal about this and many Christian activists share a similar view that the world should unite under one religion.
As the British authorities try to piece together the jigsaw they will also have to separate ideologists from radicals, and separate them from radicals who would turn to violence either in the UK or abroad.
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